OPTICAL CABLE CORPORATION

Condensed Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

Six Months Ended April 30, 2021

(Unaudited)

Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Forward-Looking Information

This Form 10-Q may contain certain forward-looking information within the meaning of the federal securities laws. The forward-looking information may include, among other information, (i) statements concerning our outlook for the future, (ii) statements of belief, anticipation or expectation, (iii) future plans, strategies or anticipated events, and (iv) similar information and statements concerning matters that are not historical facts. Such forward-looking information is subject to known and unknown variables, uncertainties, contingencies and risks that may cause actual events or results to differ materially from our expectations. Such known and unknown variables, uncertainties, contingencies and risks (collectively, “factors”) may also adversely affect Optical Cable Corporation and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company” or “OCC®”), the Company’s future results of operations and future financial condition, and/or the future equity value of the Company. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences from our expectations or that could adversely affect the Company include, but are not limited to: the level of sales to key customers, including distributors; timing of certain projects and purchases by key customers; the economic conditions affecting network service providers; corporate and/or government spending on information technology; actions by competitors; fluctuations in the price of raw materials (including optical fiber, copper, gold and other precious metals, plastics and other materials); fluctuations in transportation costs; our dependence on customized equipment for the manufacture of certain of our products in certain production facilities; our ability to protect our proprietary manufacturing technology; market conditions influencing prices or pricing in one or more of the markets in which we participate, including the impact of increased competition; our dependence on a limited number of suppliers for certain product components; the loss of or conflict with one or more key suppliers or customers; an adverse outcome in any litigation, claims and other actions, and potential litigation, claims and other actions against us; an adverse outcome in any regulatory reviews and audits and potential regulatory reviews and audits; adverse changes in state tax laws and/or positions taken by state taxing authorities affecting us; technological changes and introductions of new competing products; changes in end-user preferences for competing technologies relative to our product offering; economic conditions that affect the telecommunications sector, the data communications sector, certain technology sectors and/or certain industry market sectors (for example, mining, oil & gas, military, and wireless carrier industry market sectors); economic conditions that affect U.S.-based manufacturers; economic conditions or changes in relative currency strengths (for example, the strengthening of the U.S. dollar relative to certain foreign currencies) and import and/or export tariffs imposed by the U.S. and other countries that affect certain geographic markets, industry market sector, and/or the economy as a whole; changes in demand for our products from certain competitors for which we provide private label connectivity products; changes in the mix of products sold during any given period (due to, among other things, seasonality or varying strength or weaknesses in particular markets in which we participate) which may impact gross profits and gross profit margins or net sales; variations in orders and production volumes of hybrid cables (fiber and copper) with high copper content, which tend to have lower gross profit margins; significant variations in sales resulting from: (i) high volatility within various geographic markets, within targeted markets and industries, for certain types of products, and/or with certain customers (whether related to the market generally or to specific customers’ business in particular), (ii) timing of large sales orders, and (iii) high sales concentration among a limited number of customers in certain markets, particularly the wireless carrier market; terrorist attacks or acts of war, any current or potential future military conflicts, and acts of civil unrest; changes in the level of military spending or other spending by the United States government, including, but not limited to reductions in government spending due to automatic budget cuts or sequestration; ability to recruit and retain key personnel; poor labor relations; increasing labor costs; the impact of cybersecurity risks and incidents and the related actual or potential costs and consequences of such risks and incidents, including costs to limit such risks; the impact of data privacy laws and the General Data Protection Regulation and the related actual or potential costs and consequences; the impact of changes in accounting policies and related costs of compliance, including changes by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (“PCAOB”), the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), and/or the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”); our ability to continue to successfully comply with, and the cost of compliance with, the provisions of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 or any revisions to that act which apply to us; the impact of changes and potential changes in federal laws and regulations adversely affecting our business and/or which result in increases in our direct and indirect costs, including our direct and indirect costs of compliance with such laws and regulations; rising healthcare costs; the impact of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, and any revisions to those acts that apply to us and the related legislation and regulation associated with those acts, which directly or indirectly result in increases to our costs; the impact of changes in state or federal tax laws and regulations increasing our costs and/or impacting the net return to investors owning our shares; any changes in the status of our compliance with covenants with our lenders; our continued ability to maintain and/or secure future debt financing and/or equity financing to adequately finance our ongoing operations; impact of failing to receive forgiveness of all or substantially all of the principal balance of the Small Business Administration (“SBA”) Payroll Protection Program Loan we received in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic; the impact of future consolidation among competitors and/or among customers adversely affecting our position with our customers and/or our market position; actions by customers adversely affecting us in reaction to the expansion of our product offering in any manner, including, but not limited to, by offering products that compete with our customers, and/or by entering into alliances with, making investments in or with, and/or acquiring parties that compete with and/or have conflicts with our customers; voluntary or involuntary delisting of the Company’s common stock from any exchange on which it is traded; the deregistration by the Company from SEC reporting requirements as a result of the small number of holders of the Company’s common stock; adverse reactions by customers, vendors or other service providers to unsolicited proposals regarding the ownership or management of the Company; the additional costs of considering, responding to and possibly defending our position on unsolicited proposals regarding the ownership or management of the Company; impact of weather, natural disasters and/or epidemic or pandemic diseases (such as COVID-19) in the areas of the world in which we operate, market our products and/or acquire raw materials; an increase in the number of shares of the Company’s common stock issued and outstanding; economic downturns generally and/or in one or more of the markets in which we operate; changes in market demand, exchange rates, productivity, market dynamics, market confidence, macroeconomic and/or other economic conditions in the areas of the world in which we operate and market our products; and our success in managing the risks involved in the foregoing.

We caution readers that the foregoing list of important factors is not exclusive. Furthermore, we incorporate by reference those factors included in current reports on Form 8‑K, and/or in our other filings.

Dollar amounts presented in the following discussion have been rounded to the nearest hundred thousand, except in the case of amounts less than one million and except in the case of the table set forth in the “Results of Operations” section, the amounts in which both cases have been rounded to the nearest thousand.

Overview of COVID-19 Effects

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant negative impact on businesses and individuals in the United States and globally—including OCC. Actions taken by governments and private industry to limit the spread of the disease resulted in an unprecedented disruption of normal activities as businesses were forced to shut down or operate on a limited basis.

We were obligated to continue to operate during the COVID-19 pandemic because our workforce is classified a “Defense Industrial Base Essential Critical Infrastructure Workforce” under guidelines from the U.S. Department of Defense and an “Essential Critical Infrastructure Workforce” under guidelines by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA).

OCC’s sales, production volumes and many costs were significantly and negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.

As the pandemic began, OCC assembled a team charged with overseeing our efforts to ensure the health and safety of all employees while continuing to supply product to our customers. That team has monitored and continues to monitor the latest CDC, Federal, state and other regulatory guidance, works to secure personal protective equipment, finds ways to help mitigate risk, and identifies opportunities for us to meet or exceed health and safety guidelines and recommended protocols.

As a result of the foregoing, OCC made a number of changes to business operations in response to the COVID-19 pandemic including, but not limited to: limiting business travel and face-to-face meetings, having a portion of our non-manufacturing employees work remotely, and implementing strict social distancing, symptom self-assessments, and sanitation and mask protocols within its facilities.

We believe we have followed and are continuing to follow or exceed all Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (“CDC”) and public officials’ guidelines as such guidelines have changed from time to time during the pandemic.

As vaccination rates have increased and the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have begun to recede, we have begun to adjust our precautionary measures, as appropriate. We have modified our protocols with respect to certain travel and meeting restrictions, while maintaining appropriate social distancing, symptom self-assessments, sanitation, and mask protocols. We have encouraged all of our employees to be vaccinated, but have not implemented a vaccination mandate at this time.

We have begun to see positive indicators of future strengthening in many of our markets particularly during the second quarter of fiscal year 2021, with increasing sales and production volumes. We are hopeful that we will continue to benefit from improvement in our markets during the second half of fiscal year 2021.

The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic will affect OCC in the future will depend on ongoing developments, which are still uncertain, including, but not limited to, the duration and severity of the outbreak, the timing of recovery in certain of OCC’s markets, any resurgence of the virus, the successful distribution and administration of any current or future vaccines and boosters, as well as a variety of other unknowable factors.

Overview of Optical Cable Corporation

Optical Cable Corporation (or OCC®) is a leading manufacturer of a broad range of fiber optic and copper data communication cabling and connectivity solutions primarily for the enterprise market and various harsh environment and specialty markets (collectively, the non-carrier markets), and also the wireless carrier market, offering integrated suites of high quality products which operate as a system solution or seamlessly integrate with other providers’ offerings. Our product offerings include designs for uses ranging from enterprise network, data center, residential, campus and Passive Optical LAN (“POL”) installations to customized products for specialty applications and harsh environments, including military, industrial, mining, petrochemical and broadcast applications, and for the wireless carrier market. Our products include fiber optic and copper cabling, hybrid cabling (which includes fiber optic and copper elements in a single cable), fiber optic and copper connectors, specialty fiber optic, copper and hybrid connectors, fiber optic and copper patch cords, pre-terminated fiber optic and copper cable assemblies, racks, cabinets, datacom enclosures, patch panels, face plates, multimedia boxes, fiber optic reels and accessories and other cable and connectivity management accessories, and are designed to meet the most demanding needs of end-users, delivering a high degree of reliability and outstanding performance characteristics.

OCC® is internationally recognized for pioneering the design and production of fiber optic cables for the most demanding military field applications, as well as of fiber optic cables suitable for both indoor and outdoor use, and creating a broad product offering built on the evolution of these fundamental technologies. OCC is also internationally recognized for pioneering the development of innovative copper connectivity technology and designs used to meet industry copper connectivity data communications standards.

Founded in 1983, Optical Cable Corporation is headquartered in Roanoke, Virginia with offices, manufacturing and warehouse facilities located in Roanoke, Virginia, near Asheville, North Carolina, and near Dallas, Texas. We primarily manufacture our fiber optic cables at our Roanoke facility which is ISO 9001:2015 registered and MIL-STD-790G certified, primarily manufacture our enterprise connectivity products at our Asheville facility which is ISO 9001:2015 registered, and primarily manufacture our harsh environment and specialty connectivity products at our Dallas facility which is ISO 9001:2015 registered and MIL-STD-790G certified.

OCC designs, develops and manufactures fiber optic and hybrid cables for a broad range of enterprise, harsh environment, wireless carrier and other specialty markets and applications. We refer to these products as our fiber optic cable offering. OCC designs, develops and manufactures fiber and copper connectivity products for the enterprise market, including a broad range of enterprise and residential applications. We refer to these products as our enterprise connectivity product offering. OCC designs, develops and manufactures a broad range of specialty fiber optic connectors and connectivity solutions principally for use in military, harsh environment and other specialty applications. We refer to these products as our harsh environment and specialty connectivity product offering.

We market and sell the products manufactured at our Dallas facility through our wholly owned subsidiary Applied Optical Systems, Inc. (“AOS”) under the names Optical Cable Corporation and OCC® by the efforts of our integrated OCC sales team.

The OCC team seeks to provide top-tier communication solutions by bundling all of our fiber optic and copper data communication product offerings into systems that are best suited for individual data communication needs and application requirements of our customers and the end-users of our systems.

OCC’s wholly owned subsidiary Centric Solutions LLC (“Centric Solutions”) provides cabling and connectivity solutions for the data center market. Centric Solutions’ business is located at OCC’s facility near Dallas, Texas.

Optical Cable Corporation™, OCC®, Procyon®, Superior Modular Products™, SMP Data Communications™, Applied Optical Systems™, Centric Solutions™ and associated logos are trademarks of Optical Cable Corporation.

Summary of Company Performance for Second Quarter of Fiscal Year 2021

Results of Operations

We sell our products internationally and domestically to our customers which include major distributors, various regional and smaller distributors, original equipment manufacturers and value-added resellers. All of our sales to customers outside of the United States are denominated in U.S. dollars. We can experience fluctuations in the percentage of net sales to customers outside of the United States and in the United States from period to period based on the timing of large orders, coupled with the impact of increases and decreases in sales to customers in various regions of the world. Sales outside of the U.S. can also be impacted by fluctuations in the exchange rate of the U.S. dollar compared to other currencies.

Net sales consist of gross sales of products by the Company and its subsidiaries on a consolidated basis less discounts, refunds and returns. Revenue is recognized at the time product is transferred to the customer (including distributors) at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for the product. Our customers generally do not have the right of return unless a product is defective or damaged and is within the parameters of the product warranty in effect for the sale.

Cost of goods sold consists of the cost of materials, product warranty costs and compensation costs, and overhead and other costs related to our manufacturing operations. The largest percentage of costs included in cost of goods sold is attributable to costs of materials.

Our gross profit margin percentages are heavily dependent upon product mix on a quarterly basis and may vary based on changes in product mix. To the extent not impacted by product mix, gross profit margins tend to be higher when we achieve higher net sales levels, as certain fixed manufacturing costs are spread over higher sales. Hybrid cables (containing fiber and copper) with higher copper content tend to have lower gross profit margins.

Selling, general and administrative expenses (“SG&A expenses”) consist of the compensation costs for sales and marketing personnel, shipping costs, trade show expenses, customer support expenses, travel expenses, advertising, bad debt expense, the compensation costs for administration and management personnel, legal, accounting, advisory and professional fees, costs incurred to settle litigation or claims and other actions against us, and other costs associated with our operations.

Royalty income (expense), net consists of royalty income earned on licenses associated with our patented products, net of royalty and related expenses.

Amortization of intangible assets consists of the amortization of the costs, including legal fees, associated with internally developed patents that have been granted. Amortization of intangible assets is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the intangible assets.

Other income (expense), net consists of interest expense and other miscellaneous income and expense items not directly attributable to our operations.

The following table sets forth and highlights fluctuations in selected line items from our condensed consolidated statements of operations for the periods indicated:

Three Months Ended April 30, 2021 and 2020

Net Sales

Consolidated net sales for the second quarter of fiscal year 2021 increased 5.9% to $15.7 million, compared to net sales of $14.9 million for the same period last year. We experienced an increase in net sales in both our enterprise and specialty markets, including the wireless carrier market, in the second quarter of fiscal year 2021, compared to the same period last year.

Sequentially, net sales increased 32.5% in the second quarter of fiscal year 2021, compared to net sales of $11.9 million for the first quarter of fiscal year 2021.

We believe net sales during the second quarter of fiscal year 2021 were positively impacted by the lifting of some restrictions and the reopening of certain markets that had been negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Net sales to customers in the United States increased 4.4% and net sales to customers outside of the United States increased 11.8% in the second quarter of fiscal year 2021, compared to the same period last year. We believe that we will continue to see a positive impact on our net sales as the impact of COVID-19 on our customers and end-users declines.

We are beginning to see some positive indicators of future strengthening in some of our markets and are hopeful we will continue to benefit from improvement in our markets during the second half of fiscal year 2021. However, we cannot fully anticipate or reasonably estimate the continuing impacts of the pandemic on our various markets and customers.

Gross Profit

Our gross profit was $4.8 million in the second quarter of fiscal year 2021, an increase of 20.6% compared to gross profit of $4.0 million in the second quarter of fiscal year 2020. Gross profit margin, or gross profit as a percentage of net sales, increased to 30.6% in the second quarter of fiscal year 2021 compared to 26.9% in the second quarter of fiscal year 2020.

Sequentially, gross profit increased 108.7% in the second quarter of fiscal year 2021, compared to gross profit of $2.3 million for the first quarter of fiscal year 2021.

Our gross profit margins tend to be higher when we achieve higher net sales levels, as certain fixed manufacturing costs are spread over higher sales. This operating leverage, which is beneficial at higher sales levels, positively impacted our gross profit margin during the second quarter of fiscal year 2021. Additionally, actions that we took in fiscal years 2020 and 2019 contributed to the increase in our gross profit margin in the second quarter of fiscal year 2021 when compared to the second quarter of fiscal year 2020. Our gross profit margin percentages are also heavily dependent upon product mix on a quarterly basis and may vary based on changes in product mix from quarter to quarter.

Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses

SG&A expenses decreased 17.3% to $4.6 million during the second quarter of fiscal year 2021, compared to $5.5 million for the same period last year. SG&A expenses as a percentage of net sales were 29.2% in the second quarter of fiscal year 2021, compared to 37.3% in the second quarter of fiscal year 2020.

The decrease in SG&A expenses during the second quarter of fiscal year 2021 compared to the same period last year was primarily the result of decreases in bad debt expense totaling $447,000, decreases in employee related costs totaling $387,000 and decreases in marketing expenses totaling $138,000. During the second quarter of fiscal year 2020, our bad debt expense increased significantly due to concerns about collectability of certain customer accounts during the COVID-19 pandemic environment. Such collectability concerns did not recur during the second quarter of fiscal year 2021, therefore, our bad debt expense has decreased significantly and has returned to a more typical level. Included in employee related costs are compensation costs which decreased primarily due to terminations, net of new hires, which were impacted by our ongoing cost control initiatives. Marketing expenses decreased primarily due to the continuing cancellation of tradeshows during the second quarter of fiscal year 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Royalty Income (Expense), Net

We recognized royalty income, net of royalty and related expenses, totaling $43,000 during the second quarter of fiscal year 2021 compared to $3,000 during the second quarter of fiscal year 2020. Royalty income and/or expense may fluctuate based on sales of related licensed products and estimates of amounts for non-licensed product sales, if any.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

We recognized $11,000 of amortization expense, associated with intangible assets, during the second quarter of fiscal year 2021, compared to $10,000 during the second quarter of fiscal year 2020.

Other Income (Expense), Net

We recognized other income, net in the second quarter of fiscal year 2021 of $3.1 million, compared to other expense, net of $124,000 in the second quarter of fiscal year 2020. Other income, net for the fiscal quarter ended April 30, 2021 is comprised primarily of the ERTC, partially offset by interest expense and other miscellaneous items. The change in other income, net during the second quarter of fiscal year 2021 compared to the same period last year was primarily due to the ERTC.

The ERTC, created in the March 2020 CARES Act and then subsequently amended by the Consolidated Appropriation Act (“CAA”) of 2021 and the American Rescue Plan Act (“ARPA”) of 2021, is a refundable payroll credit for qualifying businesses keeping employees on their payroll during the COVID-19 pandemic.  Under CAA and ARPA amendments, employers can claim a refundable tax credit against the employer share of social security tax equal to 70% of the qualified wages (including certain health care expenses) paid to employees after December 31, 2020 through December 31, 2021.  Qualified wages are limited to $10,000 per employee per calendar quarter in 2021 so the maximum ERTC available is $7,000 per employee per calendar quarter. 

OCC is an eligible small employer under the gross receipts decline test when comparing the first calendar quarter of 2021 to the same quarter in calendar year 2019, which qualifies us to claim ERTC in both the first and second calendar quarters of 2021 under the amended ERTC program. During the second quarter of fiscal year 2021, we qualified for a refundable payroll tax credit totaling $3.4 million. We expect that we will receive credits totaling approximately $900,000 for the remainder of the second calendar quarter that will be recorded as other income in our fiscal third quarter of 2021.

Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes

We reported income before income taxes of $3.4 million for the second quarter of fiscal year 2021, compared to a net loss of $1.7 million for the second quarter of fiscal year 2020. The change was primarily due to the ERTC of $3.4 million, the increase in gross profit of $822,000 and the decrease in SG&A expenses of $960,000 compared to the same period in 2020.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense totaled $7,000 in the second quarter of fiscal year 2021, compared to $5,000 in the second quarter of fiscal year 2020. Our effective tax rate was less than one percent for the second quarter of fiscal year 2021 and less than negative one percent for the second quarter of fiscal year 2020.

Fluctuations in our effective tax rates are primarily due to permanent differences in U.S. GAAP and tax accounting for various tax deductions and benefits, but can also be significantly different from the statutory tax rate when income or loss before taxes is at a level such that permanent differences in U.S. GAAP and tax accounting treatment have a disproportional impact on the projected effective tax rate.

During fiscal year 2015, we established a valuation allowance against all of our net deferred tax assets. As a result of establishing a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets, if we generate sufficient taxable income in subsequent periods to realize a portion or all of our net deferred tax assets, our effective income tax rate could be unusually low due to the tax benefit attributable to the necessary decrease in our valuation allowance. Further, if we generate losses before taxes in subsequent periods, our effective income tax rate could also be unusually low as any increase in our net deferred tax asset from such a net operating loss for tax purposes would be offset by a corresponding increase to our valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets.

If we generate sufficient income before taxes in subsequent periods such that U.S. GAAP would permit us to conclude that the removal of any valuation allowance against our net deferred tax asset is appropriate, then during the period in which such determination is made, we will recognize the non-cash benefit of such removal of the valuation allowance in income tax expense on our consolidated statement of operations, which will increase net income and will also increase the net deferred tax asset on our consolidated balance sheet. If we do not generate sufficient income before taxes in subsequent periods such that U.S. GAAP would permit us to conclude that the reduction or removal of any valuation allowance against our net deferred tax asset is appropriate, then no such non-cash benefit would be realized. There can be no assurance regarding any future realization of the benefit by us of all or part of our net deferred tax assets. As of October 31, 2020, the valuation allowance against our total gross deferred tax assets totaled $4.8 million.

Net Income (Loss)

Net income for the second quarter of fiscal year 2021 was $3.4 million compared to a net loss of $1.7 million for the second quarter of fiscal year 2020. This change was primarily due to the increase in income before income taxes of $5.1 million.

Six Months Ended April 30, 2021 and 2020

Net Sales

Consolidated net sales for the first half of fiscal year 2021 were $27.6 million, a decrease of less than one percent compared to net sales of $27.8 million for the same period last year. We experienced slight decreases in net sales in both our enterprise and specialty markets in the first half of fiscal year 2021, compared to the same period last year.

We believe net sales during the first half of fiscal year 2021, specifically beginning in our second fiscal quarter, were positively impacted by the lifting of some restrictions and the reopening of certain markets that had been negatively impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Net sales to customers in the United States decreased 1.2% while net sales to customers outside of the United States increased 2.4% in the first half of fiscal year 2021, compared to the same period last year. We believe that we will continue to see a trend of improving net sales to the extent the impact of COVID-19 on our customers and end-users declines.

We are beginning to see some positive indicators of future strengthening in some of our markets and are hopeful we will continue to benefit from improvement in our markets during the second half of fiscal year 2021. However, we cannot fully anticipate or reasonably estimate the continuing impacts of the pandemic on our various markets and customers.

Gross Profit

Our gross profit was $7.1 million in the first half of fiscal year 2021, an increase of 11.4% compared to gross profit of $6.4 million in the first half of fiscal year 2020. Gross profit margin increased to 25.8% in the first half of fiscal year 2021 compared to 23.1% in the first half of fiscal year 2020.

Our gross profit margins tend to be higher when we achieve higher net sales levels, as certain fixed manufacturing costs are spread over higher sales. This operating leverage, which is beneficial at higher sales levels, positively impacted our gross profit margin during the first half of fiscal year 2021, particularly beginning in the second fiscal quarter. Additionally, actions that we took in fiscal years 2020 and 2019 contributed to the increase in our gross profit margin in the first half of fiscal year 2021, resulting in an improved gross profit margin when compared to the first half of fiscal year 2020, even considering the slight decrease in sales when comparing the two periods. Our gross profit margin percentages are also heavily dependent upon product mix on a quarterly basis and may vary based on changes in product mix from quarter to quarter.

Selling, General, and Administrative Expenses

SG&A expenses decreased 14.2% to $8.9 million during the first half of fiscal year 2021, compared to $10.4 million for the same period last year. SG&A expenses as a percentage of net sales were 32.2% in the first half of fiscal year 2021, compared to 37.4% in the first half of fiscal year 2020.

The decrease in SG&A expenses during the first half of fiscal year 2021 compared to the same period last year was primarily the result of decreases in employee related costs totaling $823,000, decreases in bad debt expense totaling $410,000, decreases in travel expenses totaling $165,000 and decreases in marketing expenses totaling $160,000. Included in employee related costs are compensation costs which decreased primarily due to terminations, net of new hires, which were impacted by our ongoing cost control initiatives. During the first half of fiscal year 2020, our bad debt expense increased due to concerns about collectability of certain customer accounts during the COVID-19 pandemic environment. Such collectability concerns did not recur during the first half of fiscal year 2021, therefore, our bad debt expense has decreased significantly and has returned to a more typical level. Travel expenses and marketing expenses decreased primarily due to the decrease in business travel and the continuing cancellation of tradeshows during the first half of fiscal year 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Royalty Income (Expense), Net

We recognized royalty income, net of royalty and related expenses, totaling $50,000 during the first half of fiscal year 2021 compared to royalty expense, net of royalty income, of $15,000 during the first half of fiscal year 2020. Royalty income and/or expense may fluctuate based on sales of related licensed products and estimates of amounts for non-licensed product sales, if any.

Amortization of Intangible Assets

We recognized $22,000 of amortization expense, associated with intangible assets, during the first half of fiscal year 2021, compared to $20,000 during the first half of fiscal year 2020.

Other Income (Expense), Net

We recognized other income, net in the first half of fiscal year 2021 of $3.0 million, compared to other expense, net of $263,000 in the first half of fiscal year 2020. Other income, net for the first half of fiscal year 2021 is comprised primarily of the ERTC, partially offset by interest expense and other miscellaneous items. The change in other income, net during the first half of fiscal year 2021 compared to the same period last year was primarily due to the ERTC.

The ERTC, created in the March 2020 CARES Act and then subsequently amended by the CAA of 2021 and the ARPA of 2021, is a refundable payroll credit for qualifying businesses keeping employees on their payroll during the COVID-19 pandemic.  Under CAA and ARPA amendments, employers can claim a refundable tax credit against the employer share of social security tax equal to 70% of the qualified wages (including certain health care expenses) paid to employees after December 31, 2020 through December 31, 2021.  Qualified wages are limited to $10,000 per employee per calendar quarter in 2021 so the maximum ERTC available is $7,000 per employee per calendar quarter. 

OCC is an eligible small employer under the gross receipts decline test when comparing the first calendar quarter of 2021 to the same quarter in calendar year 2019, which qualifies us to claim ERTC in both the first and second calendar quarters of 2021 under the amended ERTC program. During the first half of fiscal year 2021, we qualified for a refundable payroll tax credit totaling $3.4 million.

Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes

We reported income before income taxes of $1.2 million for the first half of fiscal year 2021, compared to a net loss of $4.3 million for the first half of fiscal year 2020. The change was primarily due to the ERTC of $3.4 million, the increase in gross profit of $728,000 and the decrease in SG&A expenses of $1.5 million compared to the same period in 2020.

Income Tax Expense (Benefit)

Income tax benefit totaled $26,000 in the first half of fiscal year 2021, compared to income tax expense of $10,000 in the first half of fiscal year 2020. Our effective tax rate was negative 2.1% for the first half of fiscal year 2021 and less than negative one percent for the first half of fiscal year 2020.

Fluctuations in our effective tax rates are primarily due to permanent differences in U.S. GAAP and tax accounting for various tax deductions and benefits, but can also be significantly different from the statutory tax rate when income or loss before taxes is at a level such that permanent differences in U.S. GAAP and tax accounting treatment have a disproportional impact on the projected effective tax rate.

During fiscal year 2015, we established a valuation allowance against all of our net deferred tax assets. As a result of establishing a full valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets, if we generate sufficient taxable income in subsequent periods to realize a portion or all of our net deferred tax assets, our effective income tax rate could be unusually low due to the tax benefit attributable to the necessary decrease in our valuation allowance. Further, if we generate losses before taxes in subsequent periods, our effective income tax rate could also be unusually low as any increase in our net deferred tax asset from such a net operating loss for tax purposes would be offset by a corresponding increase to our valuation allowance against our net deferred tax assets.

If we generate sufficient income before taxes in subsequent periods such that U.S. GAAP would permit us to conclude that the removal of any valuation allowance against our net deferred tax asset is appropriate, then during the period in which such determination is made, we will recognize the non-cash benefit of such removal of the valuation allowance in income tax expense on our consolidated statement of operations, which will increase net income and will also increase the net deferred tax asset on our consolidated balance sheet. If we do not generate sufficient income before taxes in subsequent periods such that U.S. GAAP would permit us to conclude that the reduction or removal of any valuation allowance against our net deferred tax asset is appropriate, then no such non-cash benefit would be realized. There can be no assurance regarding any future realization of the benefit by us of all or part of our net deferred tax assets. As of October 31, 2020, the valuation allowance against our total gross deferred tax assets totaled $4.8 million.

Net Income (Loss)

Net income for the first half of fiscal year 2021 was $1.2 million compared to a net loss of $4.3 million for the first half of fiscal year 2020. This change was primarily due to the increase in income before income taxes of $5.5 million.

Financial Condition

Total assets increased $3.9 million, or 10.7%, to $40.5 million at April 30, 2021, from $36.6 million at October 31, 2020. This increase was primarily due to a $3.4 million increase in other receivables due to the ERTC and a $1.1 million increase in trade accounts receivable, net, resulting from the increase in net sales in the second quarter of fiscal year 2021 when compared to the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2020.

Total liabilities increased $2.5 million, or 11.9%, to $23.8 million at April 30, 2021, from $21.3 million at October 31, 2020. The increase in total liabilities was primarily due to an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses totaling $1.5 million primarily resulting from the timing of raw material purchases and certain vendor payments. Also contributing to the increase in total liabilities was an increase in note payable, revolver – noncurrent totaling $948,000 due to net borrowings on our revolver.

Total shareholders’ equity at April 30, 2021 increased $1.4 million in the first half of fiscal year 2021. The increase resulted from net income of $1.2 million and share-based compensation, net of $142,000.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary capital needs have been to fund working capital requirements and to make principal payments on long-term debt. Our primary source of capital for these purposes has been existing cash, cash provided by operations and borrowings under our Revolver (see “Credit Facilities” below).

Our cash totaled $361,000 as of April 30, 2021, an increase of $220,000, compared to $141,000 as of October 31, 2020. The increase in cash for the six months ended April 30, 2021 primarily resulted from net cash provided by financing activities of $717,000, partially offset by capital expenditures totaling $90,000 and cash used in operating activities of $392,000.

On April 30, 2021, we had working capital of $18.2 million compared to $19.1 million on October 31, 2020. The ratio of current assets to current liabilities as of April 30, 2021 was 2.6 to 1.0 compared to 4.0 to 1.0 as of October 31, 2020. The decrease in working capital and in the current ratio was primarily due to the $3.4 million reclassification of a portion of the PPP Loan from noncurrent to current, based on the maturity date of the loan (without considering our pending PPP Loan forgiveness application), and the $1.5 million increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses, partially offset by the increase in other receivables of $3.4 million due to the ERTC and the $1.1 million increase in trade accounts receivable, net.

As of April 30, 2021 and October 31, 2020, we had outstanding loan balances under our Revolver totaling $5.9 million and $5.0 million, respectively. As of April 30, 2021 and October 31, 2020, we had outstanding loan balances, excluding our Revolver, totaling $10.0 million and $10.1 million, respectively.

Net Cash

Net cash used in operating activities was $392,000 in the first half of fiscal year 2021, compared to $816,000 in the first half of fiscal year 2020. Net cash used in operating activities during the first half of fiscal year 2021 primarily resulted from an increase in other receivables totaling $3.4 million and the cash flow impact of increases in trade accounts receivable, net totaling $1.1 million, partially offset by certain adjustments to reconcile net income of $1.2 million to net cash used in operating activities including depreciation and amortization of $641,000 and share-based compensation expense of $142,000. Additionally, the cash flow impact of increases in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $1.5 million further contributed to offset net cash used in operating activities.

Net cash used in operating activities during the first half of fiscal year 2020 primarily resulted from the cash flow impact of increases in accounts payable and accrued expenses, including accrued compensation and payroll taxes, totaling $1.2 million, partially offset by decreases in the cash flow impact of trade accounts receivable, net totaling $2.1 million, decreases in inventories totaling $1.1 million and certain adjustments to reconcile a net loss of $4.3 million to net cash used in operating activities including depreciation and amortization of $775,000 and bad debt expense of $452,000.

Net cash used in investing activities totaled $105,000 in the first half of fiscal year 2021, compared to $104,000 in the first half of fiscal year 2020. Net cash used in investing activities during the first half fiscal years 2021 and 2020 resulted primarily from purchases of property and equipment and deposits for the purchase of property and equipment.

Net cash provided by financing activities totaled $717,000 in the first half of fiscal year 2021, compared to $4.7 million in the first half of fiscal year 2020. Net cash provided by financing activities in the first half of fiscal year 2021 resulted primarily from net proceeds on our revolving line of credit totaling $948,000, partially offset by principal payments on long-term debt totaling $181,000. Net cash provided by financing activities in the first half of fiscal year 2020 resulted from proceeds received from a PPP Loan totaling $5.0 million and advances on a note payable to our bank under our line of credit totaling $350,000, partially offset by principal payments on long-term debt totaling $592,000.

We have a plan approved by our Board of Directors on July 14, 2015 to purchase and retire up to 400,000 shares of our common stock, or approximately 6.0% of the shares then outstanding (the “Repurchase Plan”). When the Repurchase Plan was approved, we had anticipated that the purchases would be made over a 24- to 36-month period, but there was no definite time period for repurchase or plan expiration. As of April 30, 2021 we had 398,400 shares remaining to purchase under this Repurchase Plan, and we have made no specific determination whether and over what period these shares may or may not be purchased. Until future notice, we have no current plans to repurchase and retire our common stock and have suspended the Repurchase Plan.

Credit Facilities

We have credit facilities consisting of a real estate term loan, as amended and restated (the “Virginia Real Estate Loan”), a supplemental real estate term loan, as amended and restated (the “North Carolina Real Estate Loan”), a Revolving Credit Master Promissory Note and related agreements (collectively, the “Revolver”) and a PPP Loan implemented by the SBA.

Both the Virginia Real Estate Loan and the North Carolina Real Estate Loan are with Pinnacle Bank (“Pinnacle”), have a fixed interest rate of 3.95% and are secured by a first lien deed of trust on our real property.

In fiscal year 2020, we obtained an unsecured PPP Loan through Pinnacle in the amount of $5.0 million. The loan was made through the SBA as part of the PPP under the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”). The interest rate is fixed at 1.00% per year, and the Company has accrued but unpaid interest of $51,998 on the PPP Loan as of April 30, 2021, which is included in accounts payable and accrued expenses. Under the CARES Act and the Paycheck Protection Program Flexibility Act of 2020, all or a portion of this loan (principal and interest) may be forgiven if certain requirements are met. We believe we have met those requirements and we applied for forgiveness of the entire balance of the loan (including accrued interest), submitting an application to our lender on February 22, 2021. If the loan is not forgiven, we will pay principal and interest payments of approximately $560,000 every month, beginning ten months following the coverage period which ended September 29, 2020. We can repay the PPP Loan without any prepayment penalty. All remaining principal and accrued interest is due and payable two years from the effective date of the PPP Loan (April 15, 2022).

Our Revolver with SLR provides us with one or more advances in an amount up to: (a) 85% of the aggregate outstanding amount of eligible accounts (the “eligible accounts loan value”); plus (b) the lowest of (i) an amount up to 35% of the aggregate value of eligible inventory, (ii) $5.0 million, and (iii) an amount not to exceed 100% of the then outstanding eligible accounts loan value; minus (c) $1.5 million.

The maximum aggregate principal amount subject to the Revolver is $18.0 million. Interest accrues on the daily balance at the per annum rate of 1.5% above the Prime Rate in effect from time to time, but not less than 4.75% (the “Applicable Rate”). In the event of a default, interest may become 6.0% above the Applicable Rate. As of April 30 2021, the Revolver accrued interest at the prime lending rate plus 1.5% (resulting in a 4.75% rate at April 30, 2021). The initial term of the Revolver is three years, with a termination date of July 24, 2023. After the initial term and unless otherwise terminated, the loan may be extended in one year periods subject to the agreement of SLR.

The Revolver is secured by all of the following assets: properties, rights and interests in property of the Company whether now owned or existing, or hereafter acquired or arising, and wherever located; all accounts, equipment, commercial tort claims, general intangibles, chattel paper, inventory, negotiable collateral, investment property, financial assets, letter-of-credit rights, supporting obligations, deposit accounts, money or assets of the Company, which hereafter come into the possession, custody, or control of SLR; all proceeds and products, whether tangible or intangible, of any of the foregoing, including proceeds of insurance covering any or all of the foregoing; any and all tangible or intangible property resulting from the sale, lease, license or other disposition of any of the foregoing, or any portion thereof or interest therein, and all proceeds thereof; and any other assets of the Company which may be subject to a lien in favor of SLR as security for the obligations under the Loan Agreement.

As of April 30, 2021, we had $5.9 million of outstanding borrowings on our Revolver and $2.5 million in available credit.

Capital Expenditures

We did not have any material commitments for capital expenditures as of April 30, 2021. We expect capital expenditures in fiscal year 2021 will not exceed $750,000. We anticipate these expenditures, to the extent made, will be funded out of our working capital, cash provided by operations or borrowings under our Revolver, as appropriate. Capital expenditures are reviewed and approved based on a variety of factors including, but not limited to, current cash flow considerations, the expected return on investment, project priorities, impact on current or future product offerings, availability of personnel necessary to implement and begin using acquired equipment, and economic conditions in general.

Corporate acquisitions and other strategic investments, if any, are considered outside of our annual capital expenditure budgeting process.

Future Cash Flow Considerations

We believe that our future cash flow from operations, our cash on hand and our existing credit facilities will be adequate to fund our operations for at least the next twelve months.

From time to time, we are involved in various claims, legal actions and regulatory reviews arising in the ordinary course of business. In the opinion of management, the ultimate disposition of these matters will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

Seasonality

We typically expect net sales to be relatively lower in the first half of each fiscal year and relatively higher in the second half of each fiscal year, and excluding other volatility, we would normally expect 48% of total net sales to occur during the first half of a fiscal year and 52% of total net sales to occur during the second half of a fiscal year. We believe this historical seasonality pattern is generally indicative of an overall trend and reflective of the buying patterns and budgetary considerations of our customers. However, this pattern may be substantially altered during any quarter or year based on a variety of factors. We believe our seasonality pattern in fiscal year 2020 was impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in significantly lower total net sales for all of fiscal year 2020, and no typically anticipated seasonal increase in total net sales during the second half of the fiscal year. Our typical seasonality was also impacted in fiscal years 2019 and 2018, by the quarterly and annual volatility of orders received for the wireless carrier market, the timing of larger projects, the timing of orders from larger customers, other economic factors impacting our industry or impacting the industries of our customers and end-users, and macroeconomic conditions. While we believe seasonality may be a factor that impacts our quarterly net sales results, particularly when excluding the volatility of sales in the wireless carrier market, we are not able to reliably predict the effects of seasonality on net sales because these other factors can also substantially impact our net sales patterns during the year.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations is based on the condensed consolidated financial statements and accompanying condensed notes that have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) for interim financial information and the instructions to Form 10‑Q and Regulation S‑X. The preparation of these condensed consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the condensed consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements filed with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal year 2020 provides a summary of our significant accounting policies. Those significant accounting policies detailed in our fiscal year 2020 Form 10-K did not change during the period from November 1, 2020 through April 30, 2021.

New Accounting Standards

In December 2019, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”), which is intended to simplify various aspects related to accounting for income taxes. ASU 2019-12 removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application. ASU 2019-12 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of ASU 2019-12 is not expected to have a material impact on our results of operations, financial position or liquidity or our related financial statement disclosures.

There are no other new accounting standards issued, but not yet adopted by us, which are expected to be applicable to our financial position, operating results or financial statement disclosures.

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) that are designed to be effective in providing reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act are recorded, processed and summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management evaluated, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer), the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of April 30, 2021. Based on this evaluation process, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of April 30, 2021, and that there were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the last fiscal quarter ended April 30, 2021 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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Item 6. Exhibits

Exhibit Index

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.